Ad_n
ae-bmfw :
tIcf
apkvenw Ncn-{X-¯nse km¶n[yw
apl½-Zv A-_q-_-¡À sI.]n
ph:
8086533267
e-mail-
abikp72@gmail.com
A-Xn{]m-No-\w
ap-X X-s¶ A-d-_n-IÄ a-e-_m-dn h-¶v Xp-S-§n-bn-cp¶p. A-d-_n-Ifpw
tI-c-f-hp-am-bp-Å \n-Xy-k-¼À-¡w aq-ew `m-j-I-Ä X-½n-ep-Å k-¦e-\w X-s¶ \-S-¶p.
C-Xn-sâ `m-K-am-bn cq-]-s¸-«p-h-¶ ]pXn-b H-cp k-¦-c `m-j-bm-Wv A-d-_nþa-ebm-f
`mj.
a-X-ku-lmÀ-±-¯neqsSbpw
a-X-]-cam-b sF-Iy-¯n-eq-sSbpw h-fÀ-¶ph-¶
`m-j-bm-WnXv. A-Xn-\m Ad-_n a-e-bm-f`mjbpw km-ln-Xyhpw tI-c-f ap-kvenw
kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ cq-]oI-c-W A-Sn-¯-d-bm-bn am-dn-bn-cp-¶p. \q-äm-pIÄ-¡v ap¼v
X-s¶ Ad-_n a-ebm-f km-lnXyw tI-c-f-¯n {]-tXy-Kn-¨v D-¯-c a-e-_m-dn A-Xn-sâ
B-Zn-a-cq-]w _o-Pm-hm-]w sN-bv-Xn-cp-¶p.
D-Nn-Xam-b
en-]n-am-ebpw _r-l¯m-b {K-Ù k-¼¯pw sIm-v k-¼-¶am-b Ad-_n a-e-bm-fw N-cn-{Xhpw
km-aq-ln-I-hpam-b Im-c-W-§-fm a-e-_m-dn-se s]m-Xp`m-j F-¶ \n-e-tbm-fw
h-f-cp-Ibpw sN-bv-Xn-cp-¶p. `m-j-bp-sS ]-cn-jv-I-c-W-¯n-\m-bn hen-b
kw-`m-h-\-IÄ \Â-In-b-h-cm-Wv h-¡w A-ÐpÂ-Jm-ZÀ au-e-hn-bpw, Nm-en-eI-¯v Ip-ªÒ-Zv
lm-Pn-bpw, Ipf-§-c ho-«n sam-bv-Xp ap-kven-bm-cpw.
a-e-bm-fw
k-¼qÀ-® `m-j-bm-bn h-fÀ-¶v h-cp-¶-Xn-sâ F{Xtbm ap-¼v X-s¶ Ad-_n a-e-bm-fw ]q-¯v
\n-d-ªn-«pv. F-gp-¯-ѳ A-[ym-ß cm-amb-Ww c-Nn-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ A-©v hÀ-jw
ap-¼v X-s¶ hn-{ip-X Ad-_n a-ebm-f Ir-Xnbm-b ap-lvbp-±o³ am-e
hn-c-Nn-X-am-bn-¯oÀ-¶n-cp¶p. Cu {K-Ùw Ad-_n a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy Ir-Xn-bm-bn
I-cp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p.
C-Xv
Iq-Sm-sX Ad-_n a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy N-cn-{X-¯nse Ir-Xn-IÄ G-sd-bmWv. Ip-ªm-bn³
ap-kven-bm-cp-sS I-¸-¸m«v, tam-bn³ Ip«n ssh-Zy-cp-sS _-ZÀ ]-S-¸m-«v,
D-lv-Zv ]-S-¸m-«v C-sXÃmw Nne D-Zm-l-c-W-§-Ä am{Xw.
A-t±-l-¯n-sâ
X-s¶ a-t\m-l-cam-b H-cp {]-W-b Im-hy-am-Wv _-Z-dp ap-\o-dpw lp-kp-\p P-amepw
C-Xn-sâ B-Zy Ir-Xn-IÄ F-gp-X-s¸-«Xpw {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-«Xpw Ad-_n a-e-bm-f-¯n-em-bn-cp¶p.
]pXn-b hm-¡p-IÄ \nÀ-½n-¨pw D-Åh-sb hn-]p-eo-I-cn¨pw Ad-_n a-e-bmf-s¯
k-¼-¶-am¡n-b `m-jm-kv-t\-ln-bm-Wv tam-bn³ Ip-«n ssh-ZyÀ.
5000 ¯nÂ
]-cw {K-Ù-§-Ä Ad-_n a-e-bm-f-¯n c-Nn-¡-s¸-«p-sh-¶v ]-d-bp-t¼mÄ `m-j-bp-sS
{]-Xm-]-s¯-bpw ap-kvenw k-aq-l-¯n-ep-f-hm¡n-b `m-jm km-¶n-[y-t¯bpw
A-dn-bn-¡p-¶p.
Ad_n
a-e-bm-f Ir-Xn-IÄ {]-[m-\-ambpw Im-hy cq-]-¯n-em-bn--cp-¶p c-Nn-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶Xv.
hnh-c-W I-hn-XIÄ, bp-² I-hn-XIÄ, bp-Ü-Km-\-§Ä C-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p Ir-Xn-I-fn-se
{][m-\ hn-j-b§Ä. C-kv#em-an-I im-kv-{X {K-Ù-§fpw t\m-h-ep-I-fpw Ad-_n
a-e-bm-f-¯n {]-i-kv-Xn-bmÀ-Pn-¨n-cp¶p.
H. N-´p
ta-t\m³ C-µpte-J F-¶ t\m-h c-Nn-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ 109 hÀ-jw ap-¼v A-aoÀ Jp-{kp-hn-sâ
t]À-jy³ `m-j-bn-ep-Å t\m-h Ad-_n a-e-bm-f-¯nte¡v hn-hÀ¯-\w sN-¿-s¸-«n-cp-¶p.
Iq-Sm-sX JpÀ-B³þss_-_nÄ hn-hÀ-¯-\-§-fpw, tPym-Xn-j-hym-Ic-W, KWn-X {K-Ù-§-fpw
Ad-_n a-e-bm-f-¯n-te-¡v hn-hÀ¯-\w sN-¿-s¸-«n-cp¶p.
C-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv
Ad-_n a-e-bm-f-¯n c-Nn-¡-s¸-« B-Zy JpÀ-B³ hn-hÀ-¯-\ {K-Ùam-b am-bn³ Ip-«n
F-f-bm-hn-sâ Pem-sse-\n hn-hÀ-¯-\amb XÀ-Pna-¯p X-^v-ko-cn JpÀB³.1000 hÀ-jw
]-g-¡-ap-Å Ad-_n a-e-bm-fw `m-j 50 hÀ-jw ap-¼v h-sc \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw
\nÀ-`m-Ky-h-im s]m-Xp C-S-s]-S-en-\v A-hk-cw \Â-I-s¸-Sm³ `mj-¡v km-[n-¨nÃ.
XpS-¡w ap-X H-Sp-¡w h-sc bp-²-§Ä ]-d-bp-¶ a-lm-`mc-Xw tem-I
¢m-kn-¡m-Wv. C-Xv t]m-se ssh-Zy-cp-sS _-ZÀ In-Ê-¸m«pw D-lv-Zv In-Ê-¸m-«p-saÃmw
C¯-c-sam-cp Øm-\w A-e-¦-cn-t¡--Xm-bn-cp¶p. A-Xn-\m \n-dw a-§n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶
`m-j-sb Im-e-L-«-¯n-sâ am-äw DÄ-s¡m-v sX-fn-¨w \Â-IÂ ap-kvenw k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-sâ _m[yX--bmWv.
Ad_n `mjbpw tIc-fhpw
tIc-fhpw Atd-_ybpw X½nÂ
AXn-]p-cm-X-\-amb hym]mc _Ô-§Ä \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p.[1] F¶m ]cn-ip² Ckvem-ansâ BK-a-\-t¯m-Sp-Iq-SnbmWv Cu _Ôw
kmwkvIm-cnI cwK-§-fn {]-Xn-^-en¨p XpS-§n-b-Xv. t]mÀ¨q-Kokv A[n-\n-th-i-¯n\v
ap¼v ae-_mÀ Xocs¯ I¨-hS ta[m-hnXzw Ad_n hym]m-cnIfpsS Ic-§-fn-em-bn-cp-¶p.
ae-_m-dn Ckvem-ansâ {]Ya
BK-a-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Xob-Xn sh¨v hyà-amb Adn-hn-sÃ-¦nepw lnPvd¡v Ccp-¶q-dv hÀj§Ä¡v
ti-j-am-hm-\m-Wv km[yX (F.Un 822)[2]. tNc-am³ s]cp-amÄ N{µ³ ]nfÀ¶Xv ImWp-Ibpw {]hm-N-Is\
kµÀin-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xn-\m {]hm-N-Isâ Ime¯p Xs¶-bmWv tIc-f-¯n Ckvem-ansâ
Bcw-`-sa¶mWv s]mXpsh IW-¡m-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv[3]. F.Un 851 Ime¯v tIc-f-¯n Ckvemw aXw F¯n-bp-cp-¶-sÃ-¶v A-¡me-¯v
tI-c-fw- k-µÀ-in-¨ kp-sse-am³ Xm-Pn-sâ hm-¡p-I-fn \n-¶v ]-e N-cn-{X-Im-c-·mcpw
A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. ]s£ Ccp cmPy-¡m-cnepw (ssN\-bnepw C´y-bnepw) Ad_n `mj
kwkm-cn-¡p-¶ Hcm-sf-bpw Rm³ In«nÃ[4] F¶m-Wv A-t±-lw ]-d-ª-sX¶pw A-Xn-\v C-kvemw a-Xw F-¯n-bnÃ
F-¶À-Y-an-sÃ-¶p-am-Wv {]-_-e-]£w.
tIc-f-¯n Ad_n `mj Ft¸mÄ {]N-cn-¨p-sh¶v
IrXy-ambn sXfn-bn-¡-s¸-«n-«n-Ã.- e-`y-amb sXfn-hp-IÄ sh¨p-t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ Ad_n `mjm
km¶n[yw BZy-ambn Is-¯n-bXv H¼Xmw \qäm-n \n-e-\n-¶n-cp¶ Xcnkm ]Ån imk-\-§-fn-em-Wv.
tNc cmPm-hmb ØWp chnbpw tiJ-csâ Ime¯v (849) sImïv \nÀ½n¨ Xcnkm ]Ån¡v \ÂInb
{]tZ-i-¯nsâ sN¼v ]«b-§fn-em-Wv {]-kvXp-X im-k\w. A-Xn km-£n-I-fm-bn A¶-s¯
sImÃw Xoc-s¯ Ad-_n hym-]m-cn-IÄ Iq-^n en-]n-bn t]-sc-bp-Xn
H-¸n-«-n-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wm-w. tI-c-f-¯n-se Ad-_n `m-jm km-¶n[yw sX-fn-bn-¡p-¶
{]-Y-a N-cn-{X-tc-J C-Xm-bn-cn-¡mw.
]-Xn-\m-emw
\q-äm-n tI-c-fw k-µÀ-in-¨ {]-kn-² k-©m-cn C-_v-\p _-¯q-¯ a-e-_m-dnÂ
A-§n-§m-bn \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶ A-d-_n km-¶n-[y-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p-¶pv.
e-`yam-b sX-fn-hp-I-Ä sh-¨v a-e-_m-dp-Im-c³ c-Nn-¨ {]-Y-a Ad-_n {K-Ùw
[À-½-S-¯p-Im-c-\m-b lp-ssk³ _n³ hm-km³ cNn¨ A ssJ-Zp Pm-an-Av F¶ IÀ-½-im-kv-{X
{K-Ù-am-sW-¶v ]-tc-X\m-b a-¦-S A-Ðp A-ko-kv aue-hn \n-co-£n-¨n-«p-v.
ln-Pv-d 885 Â
\n-cym-X\mb tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv Jm-kn A-_q-_-¡À d-a-Zm³ im-en-bm-¯n kp-µ-cam-b Ad-_n
I-hn-X-I-fp-sS c-N-bn-Xm-hmWv. H-cp a-e-bm-fn c-Nn-¨ G-ähpw B-Zy-s¯ Ad-_n Ihn-X
C-t±-l-¯n-tâ-Xm-bn I-cp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p[5].
s]m-¶m-\n-bnÂ
a-Jv-Zq-ap-amÀ Øm-]n-¨ hnÚm-\ tI{µw \n-e-hn h-¶-tXm-sS-bm-Wv a-X ssh-Úm\n-I
cwK-¯v \-thm-°m-\w D-S-se-Sp-¡p-¶Xv. ssi-Jv ssk-\p-²o³ _n-\v A-en-bm-bn-cp-¶p
C-Xn-sâ Øm-]I³. tI-cfo-b ]-Þn-X-·m-cn hn-]p-eamb tXm-Xn A-d-_n- km-ln-Xy
c-N-\ \-S-¯nb-Xv ssi-Jv ssk-\p-²o³ aJvZqw
H-¶m-a-\m-bn-cp¶p. \n-b-a-im-kv-{Xw, A-[ym-ß-im-kv{Xw F-¶o
ta-J-e-I-fn-em-bn-cp-¶p C-t±-l-¯n-sâ c-N-\IÄ. t]mÀ-¨p-Ko-kv
A-[n-\n-th-i-¯n-s\-Xn-sc t]m-cm-Sm³ B-lzm-\w sN-bv-Xv sIm-v A-t±-lw c-Nn-¨ X-lvco-fp
A-lven Cu-am³ A-em PnlmZn A-_Z-¯n
ÊpÂ-_m³ F-¶ Im-hy {K-Ùw
{]-i-kv-X-am-Wv. ssk-\p-²o³ a-Jv-Zqw H-¶m-a-sâ ]u-{X\mb ssi-Jv ssk-\p-²o³
c-m-a-\m-Wv tI-c-f ]-Þn-X-·m-cn tem-I-{]-i-kv-X\m-b Ad-_n `m-jm ]-Þn-X³. H-cp
tI-c-fo-b³ c-Nn-¨ {]-Y-a tI-c-f N-cn-{X {K-Ùw C-t±-l-¯n-sâ Xp-lv-^-¯p ap-Pm-ln-Zo³
F-¶ {K-Ù-amWv. tI-c-f-¯n-se G-ähpw {]-kn-²-am-b IÀ-½-im-kv-{X {K-Ùam-b ^-Xv-lpÂ
ap-Cu³ C-t±-l-¯n-sâ F-Sp-¯p ]-dtb a-säm-cp c-N-\-bm-Wv.
Xp-SÀ-¶v
]nÂ-¡m-e-§-fnepw Ad-_n `m-j-bn tI-c-fobÀ Hcp-]m-Sv kw`m-h-\-I-Ä \ÂIn. Jm-fn
ap-l-½-Zpw, k-¿n-Zv Ae-hn X-§fpw C-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.
Ad-_n
a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ XpS¡w
{]m-No-\ Im-ew
ap-XÂ- X-s¶ A-d-_n-IÄ hym-]m-cmÀ-Yw tI-c-f-¯n h-¶n-cp¶p. t]mÀ-¨p-Ko-kv A-[n-\n-th-i-¯n-\v
ap-¼v a-e-_mÀ Xo-c-s¯ I¨-h-S ta-[m-hnXzw Ad-_n hym-]m-cn-I-Ä-¡m-bn-cp¶p.
A-d-_n-I-fp-am-bp-Å tI-c-fo-b-cp-sS _-Ôw shdpw hym-]m-c _Ôw F-¶-Xn-\-¸p-dw
hnhm-l Ip-Spw-_ _-Ô-§-fn-te-¡v h-sc hym-]n¨p. A-Xv sIm-v X-s¶ B-i-b
hn-\n-a-b-¯n Ad-_n a-e-bm-fw F-¶ ]p-cm-X\ ssi-en-¡v B _Ô-§-tfm-fw X-s¶
]-g-¡-ap-v. a-ebm-f `mj-¡v Aw-KoIr-X en-]n k-{¼-Zm-bw C-Ãm-Xn-cp-¶ Im-e-¯m-Wv
Ad-_n a-e-bm-fw {]-Nm-cw t\-Sn-bXv. {K-Ù c-N-\¡pw {]-t_m-[-\¯n\pw am-[y-a-ambn
Ad-_n a-e-bm-fw hym-]-I-am-bn ]n-¶oSv
D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p t]m-¶p.[6]
tI-c-f-¯nÂ
B-Zy-Ime-¯v Ad-_n A-£-c-am-e am-{X-ta Iq-Sp-XÂ ap-kvenw Ifpw ]Tn-¨n-cp-¶p-Åp. C-Xv a-X-¯nsâ A-\n-hm-cy-Xbpw ]-cn-ip-²
JpÀ-B-\n-sâ ]m-cm-b-Whpw e-£yw sh-¨v sIm-mWv[7]. F-¶m ]-e a-e-bm-f hm-¡p-Ifpw am-¸n-f-amÀ-¡v D-¨-cn-¡m³ A-d-_n
en-]n-bn A-£-c-§Ä I-s-¯m³ km-[n-¨nÃ. C-tXm-sS-bm-Wv a-ebm-f
en-]n-¡-\p-{kp-X-am-bn Ad-_n en-]n-IÄ D-S-se-Sp-¡p-¶Xpw Ad-_n a-e-bm-fw F-¶
en-]n P-\n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶-Xv.
Cu `m-j-bn-te-¡v Ad_n, D-dp-Zp, X-an-gv,
t]À-jy³ hm-¡p-IÄ IS-¶v h-cn-Ibpw hm-¡p-I-fm-Â `m-jm k-¼-¶-am-bn Xo-cp-Ibpw
sN-bv-Xp. C-Xv h-gn H-cp- `m-j sIm-v sN-¿m-hp-¶ kw-K-Xn-IÄ ap-gp-h³ A-d-_n
a-e-bm-fw sIm-v km-[n¨p. FÃm km-ln-Xy im-J-I-fn-ep-ap-Å c-N-\-Ifpw Im-hy-s¯
A-e-¦-cn-¡m-\p-Å D-]m-[n-Ifpw B-em-]\ tbm-Ky-§fm-b C-uW-§fpw Ad-_n a-ebm-f
`m-j-bn-epv. am-{X-aà \q-äm--pI-tfm-fw `m-jm ]-cam-b FÃm [À-½-§fpw \nÀ-Æ-ln-¨v
A-Xv \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp.
Ad-_n a-e-bm-f-hpw
C-X-c `m-jm- _Ôhpw
Ad-_n a-ebm-f `m-j
H-cp kzX-{´ `m-j-bm-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sm³ km-[n-¡p-I-bnÃ. A-d-_n, X-angv,
t]À-jy³, `m-j -I-fn \n¶pw hm-¡p-IÄ I-S-sa-Sp-¯p sIm-m-Wv Ad-_n a-e-bm-fw
A-Xn-sâ b-YmÀ-° cq-]-¯n-em-bn am-dp-¶-Xv.[8]
A-d-_n t]À-jy³
]-Z§Ä
a-e-bm-f
`m-j-bn-te-¡v kw-{I-an-¨n--«p-Å Ad-_n t]À-jy³ ]-Z-§Ä a-ebm-f `m-j-bp-sS ]-Zk¼-¯v
Iq-Sp-¶-Xn-\v \n-Zm-\-am-bn. kw-kv-Ir-Xw I-gn-ªm `m-jm B-Zm-\-§-fn Ad-_n
t]À-jy³ ]-Z-§Ä-¡m-Wv A-Sp-¯ Øm\w. Ad-_n a-ebm-f `m-j-bn AÀYs¯ hn-h-cn-¡m³
]-Z-§-fnÃm-¯-Xn-\m-em-Wv C-X-c `m-j-I-fn \n¶pw hm-¡pI-sf I-S-sa-Sp-t¡-n h-¶Xv.[9] C-Xp Iq-Sm-sX Ad-_n ap-kvenw k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-sâ a-XIob `m-j-bmb-Xv
B `m-j-tbm-Sv B-`n-apJyw Im-Wn-¡m-\n-Sbmbn. A-h-cp-am-bn a-än hn-h-c-§Ä \n-c´-cw
hy-h-lm-c-¯n-teÀ-s¸«-Xp hgn [m-cm-fw a-X kq-Nn-X-§fm-b ]-Z-§Ä B-Zm-\w
sN-¿p-hm-\n-S-bm-¡n.
hy-Xyv-k-X
ta-J-eI-sf kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶ ]-Z-§Ä A-d-_nbn-teXm-bn-«pv. C¯-cw ]-Z§-sf cm-{ãobw,
km-aq-lnIw, km-¼-¯nIw, F-¶n§-s\ X-cw-Xn-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
1þ cm-{ão-b kq-N-I
]-Z§Ä
Ø-e-\maw, `-c-W
\o-Xn-\ym-b hyhØ, bp-²w, D-tZym-KØ \m-aw XpS-§n cm-{ão-b cw-K-hp-am-bn _-Ôw
]p-eÀ-¯p-¶ \n-ch-[n ]-Z-§Ä Ad-_n t]À-jy³ `m-j-I-fn \n-¶v Ad-_n a-ebm-f `m-j
I-Sw-sIm-n-«p-v.
Øe-s¯ Ip-dn-¡p-¶ fnà (PnÃ), Xm-eqIv (X-AÃpI), alÃv
D-tZym-K-Ø \m-a-§fm-b in-]m-bn (kzn-^m-Cu), ap³-kn]v (ap³-in-^v),
h-¡o (h-IoÂ),
B-bp-[§-sf kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶ ]o-c¦n (^n-c-¦n), D-dpan (dqan)
\o-Xn-\ym-b-hpw, `-c-W kw-_-Ôam-b ip-]mÀ-i (in-]m-cn-kp), _n-\man
(t_-\m-av), Pm-ayw (fm-an³), Xm-¡oXv (X-Av-Io-Zv), lmPÀ (lm-fnÀ) Xp-S§n-b
]-Z-§Ä D-Zm-l-cWw.
a-e-bm-fn-bp-sS
\n-Xy-hy-h-lm-c-¯n D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ t_-PmÀ (t_-kmÀ), i-cm-icn (k-dm-kÀ), kp-amÀ
(ip-amÀ), X-¿mÀ (X-¿m-co), Ip-im (Ip-iv), a-cm-a¯v (a-d½-¯v), k-hmco
(k-hm-co), \-¦q-cw (ew-KÀ) Xp-S-§n-b-hbpw Ad-_n t]À-jy³ `m-j-I-fp-sS
kw-`m-h-\-I-fmWv.
2þkm-aq-ln-I ]-Z-§Ä
h-kv-{X-§-sfbpw
A-e-¦m-c-§-sfbpw Ip-dn-¡p-¶ t]À-jy³ ]-Z-§-fm-Wv Im-¡n (Jm-¡n), ]À-±, Io-i (Io-k-lv),
Pp-º
Ad-_n t]À-jy³
kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ `m-K-am-bn tI-c-f-¯n-te-¡v IS-¶v h-¶ `-£-W km-[-\§-sf
kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶ [m-cm-fw ]-Z-§Ä a-e-bm-f-¯n-ep-v. -¨mÀ (A-NmÀ), _n-cn-bm-Wn
(_n-cymWn), N-¸m¯n (N-]m-¯n), ssa-Z (ssa-Z-lv), I-_m_v, A-ep-h (lÂh), ]-¯n-cn (^n-Xo-cv),
D-ep-h (lp³-_l).
Iq-P-sb-¶
]m-{X-¯n-sâ t]-cv Iq-k-lv F-¶ t]À-jy³ ]-Z-¯n \n-¶pw dm-´-en-s\ Ip-dn-¡p-¶
]m-\o-kv Ad-_n ]-Zam-b ^m-\q-kn-bn \n-¶pw D-m-b-XmWv.
hn-t\m-Zhpw
I-e-bp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-« [m-cm-fw ]-Z-§Ä a-e-bm-f-¯n-te-¡v B-K-an-¨n-«p-v.
Kp-kvXn (Ip-iv-Xn), ssa-Xm\w (ssa-Zm³), H¸-\ (A-_p-\) F¶n-h D-Zm-l-c-W-§-fmWv.
A-d-_n a-e-bm-f
en]n
Xp-S-¡-¯n-Â Ad-_n
a-ebm-f en-]n am-e-bn 35 en-]n-IÄ am-{X-ta D-m-bn-cp-¶p-Åq. C-{]-Im-cw {In.1900
h-sc Xp-SÀ-¶v t]m-¶p. 20mw i-X-I-t¯m-sS ]pXn-b ]-cn-jv-Im-c-§Ä-¡v hn-t[-b-am-b
Ad-_n a-e-bm-f `mj-¡v \qX-\am-b Hcp en-]n D-S-se-Sp¯p.
tI-c-f
ap-kv-en-§Ä-¡n-S-bn-se B-Zy-Im-e km-aq-ly ]-cn-jv-IÀ-¯m-¡fm-b k-\mD-Ãm aàn
X-§Ä, Nm-en-eI-¯v Ip-ª-lva-Zv lm-Pn, h-¡w A-Ðp Jm-ZnÀ aue-hn F-¶n-hÀ Cu en-]n
k-{¼-Zm-bw ]-cn-jv-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p th-n hn-e-s¸-« {]-b-Xv-\-§Ä sN-bv-X-h-cmWv.[10]
F-¦nepw Ad-_n
a-ebm-f en-]n-¡v cq-]w \-ÂInb-Xv B-cv F-¶Xn\v Ir-Xy-am-bn tc-J-bnÃ. A-Xv H-cp
hy-àn-bp-sS kr-ãn-bm-bn-cn-¡m³ C-S-bnÃ. H-cp k-aq-l-¯n-sâ B-h-iy-¯n-\v th-n
_-lpb-Xv-\-^-e-am-bn Im-e-{Ita-W cq-]-s¸-«-Xm-hm-\m-Wp hgn. H. A-_p H³-]-Xmw
\q-äm-nte tI-c-f ap-kvenw-IÄ Cu en-]n-bn F-gp-Xm-\m-cw-`n-¨n-cn¡-Ww F-¶v
A-`n-]ym-b-s¸-Sp¶p.[11]
Ad-_n a-ebm-f
en-]n-bn-Â I-p-In«n-b G-ähpw ]p-cm-X-\ Ir-Xn-bm-b ap-ln-bp-²o³ am-e
c-Nn-¡-s¸-«-Xv 1607 em-sW-¶v Ir-Xn-bn X-s¶ ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p-¶p-v. A-t¸mÄ Cu
Ir-Xn c-Nn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-¶v ap-¼v en-]n cq-]w sIm-v {]-Nm-cw t\-Sn-bn-cn-¡-Ww.
C-{]-Im-cw Ad-_n a-e-bm-f en-]n-¡v 500 hÀj-s¯ ]-g-¡-sa-¦n-epw D-m-bn-cn-¡Ww.[12]
Ad_n a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy ]m-c-¼-cyw:
Ad_n a-e-bm-f km-lnXyw
Ad_n a-e-bm-f
km-lnXyw a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy-¯n-se k-hn-ti-jam-sbm-cp im-J-bmWv. Ad-_n A-£-c-§Ä-¡v
cq-]-t`-Zw \ÂInb en-]n-bn-em-Wv Ad_n
a-e-bm-f Ir-Xn-IÄ c-Nn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-Å-Xv. en-]n-bn- am-{X-aà `m-j-bnepw
K-Wy-am-b hy-Xym-k-apv. X-angv, kw-kv-Ir-Xw, DÀZp, t]À-jy³, Ad-_n ap-Xem-b
`m-j-bp-sS kzm-[o-\w am¸n-f km-ln-Xy-¯n A-Km-[-amWv.[13]
Ad_n a-e-bm-f
km-ln-Xy Ir-Xn-IÄ G-sd-bmWv. C-h K-Zy-ambpw ]-Zy-ambpw
thÀ-Xn-cn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p. am-e-¸m-«pIÄ, ]-S-¸m-«p-IÄ, Jn-Ê-¸m-«pIÄ,
I-eym-W-¸m-«pIÄ, a-Zv-lp ]m-«pIÄ, X-Sn-a-dp-Xn am-e-IÄ, sI-Êp ]m-«p-IÄ,
hn-cp-¯§Ä, I-¯p-]m-«pIÄ, F-¶n§-s\ hnhn-[ X-c-§-fm-bn ]-Zy im-J- \ne
sIm-Åp-¶p. a-lm hy-àn-I-fp-sS A-]-Zm-\-§Ä IoÀ-¯n-¨p sIm-p-Å Cu-c-Sn-I-fm-Wv am-e-¸m-«pIÄ,
tcm-K ia-\w t]m-ep-Å Imcy kn-²n-IÄ-¡m-bn am-¸n-f-amÀ A-h ]m-Sn-bpw ]m-Sn-¨pw
h-cp¶p. Ad-_n a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy-¯n B-bn-c-¯n-e-[n-Iw {K-Ù-§Ä c-Nn-¡-s¸-s«-¶mWv
]-d-b-s¸-Sp¶Xv.[14]
]-Zy km-lnXyw
Ad-_n a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy Ir-Xn-I-fn G-ähpw ]p-cm-X-\-amb-Xv
ap-ln-bp-²o³ am-e-bm-Wv. Jm-kn ap-l½-Zv F-¶ a-X-]-Þn-X-\m-Wv C-Xv c-Nn-¡p-¶Xv. ap-lvbn-²o³
ame-sb¸än Jm-kn A-_q-_-¡À Ip-ªn {]-kv-Xm-hn-¨-Xn-sâ Np-cp-¡w
C-{]-Im-c-am-Wv. “k-¿n-Zv
A-Ðp Jm-ZnÀ Po-em-\n X-§-fp-sS ^-fm-C-epw, a-\m-Jn-_pIfpw Ip-td
A-dn-hnÃm-¯-hÀ-¡v A-dn-bm\pw A-h-cp-sS _À-¡-¯n-s\ F-¯n-¡m\pw Ah-sc sIm-v
hnP-bw kw-¼m-Zn-¡m-\pw th-n Jm-kn ap-l-½-Zv _v-\v A-Ðp A-ko-kv F-fp-¸-¯nÂ
a-\-Ên-em-¡m-hp-¶ {I-a-¯n a-\m-Jn-_pI-sf tNÀ-¯v ]n--Sn-¡p-I-bpw A-Xn-\v
ap-ln-bp-²o³ am-e F-¶v t]-cv hn-fn-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp”.[15]
Jm-kn ap-l½-Zv
km-aq-Xn-cn-bp-sS `-c-W-tI-{µam-b apkvenw k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-sâ Jm-kn
\ym-bm-[n-]-\m-bn-cp-¶p Jm-kn ap-l-½-Zv. C-t±-l-¯n-sâ P-· hÀ-jw
hy-à-a-sÃ-¦n-epw ln-Pv-d 1025 d-_o-DÂ A-ÆÂ A-©v _p-[-\mgv-N cm-{Xn-bm-Wv
C-l-tem-Iw sh-Sn-ª-sX-¶v ]-d-b-s¸-Sp¶p.[16]
Xp-©-s¯-gp-¯-ѳ, ssi-Jv ssk-\p-²o³ F-¶n-h-cp-sS k-a-Im-en-I-am-b
Cu ]-Þn-X³ tIm-gn-t¡m-s« {]-ikv-X Jm-kn Ip-Spw-_-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p P-\n-¨-Xv.
]n-Xm-hv A-Ðp A-ko-kpw ]p-{X³ aq-ln-bp-²o³ Jm-kn-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. tI-c-f
kmw-kv-Imcn-I N-cn-{X-¯n Jm-kn aq-l-½-Zn-\p-Å Øm-\w am-¸n-f-¸m-«n-sâ
h-c-sam-gn N-cn{Xw A-t±-l-¯n \n¶pw B-cw-`n-¡p-¶p-sh-¶-Xm-Wv.
_-Kv-Zm-Zn-se {]-ikv-X ]-Þn-X³ ssi-Jv A-Ðp Jm-ZnÀ Po-em-\n-bp-sS
Po-h N-cn-{X h-kv-Xp-X-I-fpw AÛq-X I-Y-Ifpw Iq-«n-tNÀ-¯v efn-X a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ
c-Nn-¨ `-àn Im-hy-am-W At±-l-¯nsâ ap-lvbn-²o³ ame
ap-lvbn-²o³ ame
Jm-kn aq-l½-Zv hym-Ic-Ww K-Wn-X-im-kv-{Xw, tPm-Xnjw,
IÀ-½im-kv-{Xw, N-cn-{Xw ap-X-em-b ta-J-e-I-fn [m-cm-fw c-N-\
\nÀ-Æ-ln-¨n-«p-v.
F-gp-¯-ѳ A-[ym-ß cm-am-b-Ww c-Nn-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ A-©v hÀ-jw
ap-¼v ap-lvbn-²o³ ame c-Nn-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶psh-¶v \mw ]-d-ªtÃm[17]. C-Xv A-d-_n a-ebm-f `m-j-bp-sS {]m-[m-\y-t¯bpw {]-tXy-I-X-tbbpw
Nq-n-Im-«p¶p.
C-Xv Iq-Sm-sX a-äv {]-ikv-X am-e-I-fm-Wv _-ZÀ am-e, cn-^m-Cu
am-e, \-^o-k-¯v am-e, a-l-aq-Zv am-e, a-e-¸p-dw am-e, a-ª-¡p-fw am-e.
F¶nh
A³-]-tXm-fw ]-S-¸m-«p-I-fm-Wv A-d-_n a-e-bm-f-¯n c-Nn-¡-s¸-«-Xv. A-h-bnÂ
{]-[m-\-s¸-«-h-sbÃmw _-ZÀ ]-S-¸m-«v, Dl-Zv ]-S-¸m«v, a-¡m ^-Xv-lv,
^p-Xq-lp-Èmw, lp-ss\³ ]-S-¸m-«v, J³Z-Iv ]-S-¸m-«v Xp-S§n-b t]-cp-IÄ
kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv t]m-se A-td-_y-bn-se B-Zy-Im-e apkvenwI-fp-sS bp-²-§-Ä
hn-h-cn-¡p-¶-h-bmWv.
ap-ln-bp-²o³ am-e-¡v ti-jw
Ad-_n a-ebm-f ]-Zy km-ln-Xy-¯n Im-Wp-¶ c-ma-s¯ Ir-Xn Ip-ªm-bn³
ap-kv-en-bm-cp-sS \q-Â a-ZvlmWv. ln.1151 em-Wv A-t±-lw X-sâ {]-Y-a am¸n-f J-Þ
Im-hyw c-Nn-¡p-¶Xv.[18]
\q a-Zv-lv
ap-lvbn-²o³ ame-¡v
tijw Im-e \nÀ®-bw hy-à-am-bn tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯n-¡m-Wp-¶ c-ma-s¯ Ir-Xn-bm-Wv \qÂ
a-Zvlv. ap-lvbn-²o³ ame¡pw \q a-Zv-ln-\p-an-S-bn IS-¶p I-gn-ª
130 hÀ-j-¯n H-cp c-N-\bpw \-S-¶nà F-¶v ]-d-bp¶-Xv A-\À-Y-amWv.
A-¨-Sn-bnÃm-¯-Xp-aq-ew \-in-¨-Xm-bn-cn-¡Ww[19]. X-an-gv C-S-I-eÀ-¶ {]mNo-\ `m-j-m ssi-en-bn-emWv Ip-ªm-bn³
ap-Én-bmÀ \q a-Zvlpw I-¸-¸m«pw c-Nn-¨-Xv.
15 C-i-ep-Ifpw H-cp _¼pw DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶ Cu {]-hm-N-I {]-IoÀ-¯-\
Imhyw C-X-c Ir-Xn-I-fn \n¶pw th-dn-«v \nÂ-¡p-¶ H-cp a-l¯m-b Ir-Xn-bmWv. \qÂ
a-Zv-lv F-¶ ]-Zw \q F-¶ X-an-gv ]-Zhpw a-Zv-lv F-¶ Ad-_n ]-Zhpw tNÀ-¶-XmWv.
\q F-¶-Xn-\v X-an-gn {]-hm-N-I³ F-¶mWv
tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯-s¸-«n-«p-ÅXv. A-t¸mÄ \q a-Zv-lv {]-hm-N-I
{]-IoÀ¯-\w F-¶v AÀ-°-am-¡p¶p. ]-Xn-\m-dv C-i-ep-I-fn F-gpXn-b Cu Ir-Xn-bn 666
h-cn-I-fm-Wp-ÅXv[20]. \_n-tbm-Sp-Å A-Xn-cä `-àn {]-I-S-am-¡p-¶ Cu Imhyw H-cp Im-e-¯v apkvenwIÄ
]m-Sn I-Ym-{]-kw-Kw \-S-¯m-dp-m-bn-cp-¶p.
I-¸-¸m-«v
Ip-ªm-bn³ ap-Én-bm-cp-sS ZmÀ-i\n-I Im-hy-am-Wv I-¸-¸m«v. a-\p-jy
i-coc-s¯ ]m-b-¡-¸en-t\mSpw Po-hnX-s¯ ]m-b¡-¸-en-sâ k-©m-c-t¯mSpw
km-Zr-iy-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-Å Cu J-Þ Imhyw H-tc C-i-en A-d-p\q-dv h-cn
DÄ-s¡m-Åp¶p. ]n-¶o-Spm-b ]-e Ir-Xn-Ifpw I-¸-¸m-«n-s\ H-cp co-Xn-bm-bn
Aw-Ko-I-cn-¨n-«p-v. am¸n-f ]-Zy km-ln-Xy-¯n Im-hy {]-Øm-\-¯n\v Xp-S-¡w
Ip-dn¨-Xv I-¸-¸m-«m-Wv.
I-S-epw I-¸-ep-am-bn G-td _-Ô-ap-Å am-¸n-f-am-cpsS XoÀ¯pw
B-ßo-bam-b H-cp kw-kv-I-c-W-am-Wv ap-kven-bmÀ Ir-Xn-bn-eq-sS \-S-¯p-¶-Xv. AXv
sIm-v X-s¶ Ad-_n a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy ZmÀ-i-\n-Ihpw knw-t_m-fn-Iv
Im-hy-hp-am-bn I-¸-¸m-«v I-W-¡m-¡-s¸-Sp¶p.
a-lm\m-b Ip-ªm-bn³ ap-kven-bmÀ I-¸-¸m-«v \nÀ-½n-¡m-\p-m-b
Im-c-W-s¯¸-än H-ssc-Xn-lyw \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶p-v. A-t±-lw s]m-¶m-\n-bn ]Tn-¡p-¶
Ime-¯v D-kv-XmZm-b a-Jv-Zq-an-sâ ho-«n `£-Ww I-gn-¡m-dp-m-bn-cp¶p.
H-c-h-k-c-¯n a-Jv-Zq-an-sâ km-[phm-b `m-cy F-´m-Wv D-d-§m³ In-S-¡p-t¼mÄ
sNm-tÃ--sX-¶v tNm-Zn¨p. c-kn-I\m-b ap-Én-bmÀ DS-s\ “G-se-am-se”
F-¶v sNmÃn-bm a-Xn F-¶v ]-dªp. C-tX-¯p-SÀ-¶v B km-[p kv{Xo In-S-¡p-¶ k-ab¯v “G-se-am-se”
F-¶v sNmÃn-s¡m-n-cp¶p. H-cp Znh-kw a-Jv-Zqw `mcy-tbm-Sv A-Ûp-X ]qÀ-Æw C-tX¸-än
tNm-Zn¨p. C-Xv Ip-ªm-bn³ ap-Én-bmÀ D-]-tZ-in-¨-Xm-Wv F-¶v a-dp]-Sn \Â-In. C-Xv
tI-«v a-JvZqw s]m-«n-¨n-cn¨p. A§-s\ X-s¶ Ip-ªm-bn³ ap-Én-bmÀ
I-_-fn-¸n-¨-Xm-sW-¶v a-\-Ên-em-bn. ]n-tä Znh-kw {]-`m-X-¯n Ip-ªm-bn³ apkven-bmÀ
h-¶-t¸mÄ a-Jv-Zqw “\o
a-\p-jy-s\ I-¸-em-¡p-IbmtWm”
F-¶v tNm-Zn¨p. Cu kw-`-h-s¯-¯p-SÀ-¶m-Wv a-\p-jy-s\ I-¸en-t\m-Sv
km-Zr-iy-s¸-Sp-¯p-s¡m-v I-¸-¸m-«v c-Nn-¡p-¶-Xv.[21]
Ad-_n a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy-Im-c-·m-cn I-hn tam-bn³-Ip-«n ssh-Zy-À
X-s¶-bm-Wv {]-Y-a Øm-\ob³. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ _-ZÀ ]-S-¸m-«v, D-lv-Zv ]-S-¸m«v,
ln-Pv-d, _-Z-dp ap-\oÀ lp-kp-\p P-amÂ, a-X-\n-[n am-e, ap-Xem-b Ir-Xn-IÄ C¶pw
am¸n-f k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-\n-S-bn \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶p.
C-Xv t]m-se \n-ch-[n I-hn-Ifpw I-h-bn-{Xn-Ifpw am¸n-f
km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ ]cn-t]m-j-W-¯n-\v A-\-cv-Lam-b kw-`m-h-\-IÄ AÀ-¸n-¨n-«pv. ^p-¯q-lpÈmw
c-Nn-¨ tN-äp-hm-bv ]-co-¡p«n, K-kvh-¯p _-Zv-dp Ip-_-d c-Nn-¨ Nm-¡n-cn
sam-bv-Xo³ Ip«n, Nµn-c kp-µ-c am-e c-Nn-¨ ]n.sI l-eo-a, ^m¯n-a
_o-hn-bp-sS h-^m-¯v am-e F-gpXn-b Xn-cp-hm-fqÀ \-Sp-t¯m-¸n ]n.
B-bn-i-¡p«n, _-ZÀ ]-S, km-dm-_n-bp-sS Jn-Ê F¶n-h c-Nn-¨ Ip-nÂ
Ip-ªm-an-\, kn.F-¨ Ip-ªm-bn F-¶n-hÀ am¸n-f I-hn-I-fp-sS Iq-«-¯n {]-kn-²-cmWv.
K-Zy km-lnXyw
tI-c-f ap-kvenw-I-fp-sS a-X`m-j A-d-_nbpw {K-Ù `m-j Ad-_n
a-e-bm-f-hp-am-bn-cp¶p. hn-ip-² JpÀ-B³ H-cp \q-äm-n-\v ap-¼v X-s¶ hn-hÀ¯-\w
sN-¿-s¸-«n-«pv. Ad-_n a-e-bm-fw A-d-_n-¯-an-sg¶ t]m-se tI-c-f ap-kvenw--IÄ
H-cp km-ln-Xy `m-j-bm-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-¨v t]m-¶p. A-Xn-\m ]-e hn-in-jv-S
{K-Ù-§fpw c-Nn-¡-s¸«p. A-h ap-tJ-s\
am-¸n-f-amÀ hn-Úm-\-hÂ-I-cn-¡-s¸«p.
a-X-¯n-se hnhn[ hn-j-b-§-fn Aw-KoI-rX ]-Þn-X-·mÀ \Â-In-bn-cp-¶ ^Xvh
F-¶ t]-cn-ep-Å a-X-hn-[n-I-fm-Wv Ad-_n a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ K-Zyw.[22] A-h I-s¿-gp-¯v cq-]-¯n-em-Wv {]-N-cn-¨v t]m-¶Xv.
F-¦nepw A-d-_n a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy-s¯ K-Zy Ir-Xn-bm-bn I-W-¡m-¡n-
t]m-¶-Xv sh-Åm-Sn a-kv-A-e-bmWv. H-cp km-[m-c-W kv-{Xo-¡p-m-hp-¶
kw-i-b-§Ä-¡p-Å a-dp-]-Sn-bm-Wv Ir-Xn-bnÂ
A-¨-Nn-¡-s¸-« B-Zy-s¯ Ad-_n a-e-bm-f K-Zy Ir-Xn Xzn-ºp-¶-_n-bmWv.
a-X {]-Nm-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p B-Zy-Im-e Ad-_n a-e-bm-f K-Zy
Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS {]-[m-\ e-£yw. C-¡q-«-¯n am-bn³ Ip-«n F-f-b-bp-sS JpÀ-B³
hn-hÀ¯-\w G-sd {]-i-kv-X-am-Wv. C-Xv X-s¶-bm-Wv a-e-bm-f-¯n-se B-Zy JpÀ-B³
hn-hÀ-¯-\-hpw. ln. 1272 em-Wv am-bn³ Ip«n F-f-b- hn-ip-² JpÀ-B³ hn-hÀ¯-\w
sN-¿m³ Xp-S-§p-¶Xv. \o- ]-Xn-\-©v hÀ-jw sIm-v hn-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-sâ {]-Êv tIm-¸n
X-¿m-dm¡n. ti-jw hy-Xy-kv-X \q-tdm-fw Ip-Spw-_-§-fn-te-¡v Ab-¨p sIm-Sp-¡p-Ibpw
sN-bv-Xp.
tI-c-f N-cn-{X-¯n-se B-Zy t\mhÂ
tI-c-f N-cn-{X-¯n-se B-Zy t\m-h-em-bn tI-c-f k-aq-lw H.
N-´pta-t\m³ c-Nn-¨ C-µp-te-J D-bÀ-¯n-¡m-«p¶p. N-µpta-t\m³ C-µp-te-J
]p-d-¯n-d-¡p-¶-Xv 1889 emWv. A-Xm-b-Xv 127 hÀ-jw ap¼v. F-¶m t]À-jy³
`m-j-bn-se-gpX-s¸« {]-kn-² t\m-hem-b N-lmÀ ZÀ-th-iv am-¸-nf
km-ln-Xy-Im-c-·mÀ ]-cn-`m-j-s¸-Sp-¯n {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨-Xv ln. 1303 emWv.
A-Xm-b-Xv 135 hÀ-j-§Ä-¡v ap¼v. A-t¸mÄ C-µpte-J {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ F«v
sImÃw ap-¼v Ad-_n a-e-bm-f-¯n t\m-h c-Nn-¡-s¸-«n-cp-s¶-¶v kmcw. C-Xp-am-{X-aÃ
A-em-hp-±o³, Jadp-kv-am³, iw-kp-Ê-am³ ap-X-em-b ]e t\m-h-ep-Ifpw Ad-_n
a-e-bm-f-¯n {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-«n-«pv. kp-ss_-Z, Jn-fÀ \-_n-sb-¡- \_o-k
ap-X-em-b-hbpw Ad-_n a-ebm-f t\m-h-ep-I-fmWv.[23]
Ad-_n a-e-bm-f-hpw ]-{Xhpw
]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-\ cwK-¯v tI-c-f ap-kvenw-IÄ I-gn-ª G-sg-«p hÀ-jw
ap-¼v X-s¶ {]-th-in-¨p I-gn-ªn-cp¶p. Ad-_n a-e-bm-f-¯n X-s¶-bm-Wv ap-kvenw
]-{X-{]-hÀ¯-\w B-cw-`n-¡p-¶-Xpw. B-Zy-s¯ ap-kvenw ]-{X-§-fpsS Iq-«-¯n 1878
ap-X sIm-¨n-bn \n¶pw ]pd-¯p h-¶ tI-c-f Zo-]n-I-sb¸-än A-¡me-s¯ k-Xy-\m-Z
Iml-fw ]-cm-aÀ-in-¨-Xm-bn Im-Wmw.
Ad-_n a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ X-IÀ-¨
PmXo-b taÂ-t¡m-bv-a-bp-sSbpw C-kvem-an-se a-X-]-cn-jvI-c-W
hm-Zn-I-fp-sS B-kq-{Xn-X \o-¡-¯n-sâbpw ^-e-am-bn A-h-K-Wn-¡-s¸-« `m-jm
cq-]-am-Wv Ad-_n a-e-bmfw. a-ebm-f `m-j cq-]-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-sâ ap-t¼ tI-c-f-¯nÂ
\n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶ `m-j-bm-bn-cp-¶p Ad-_n a-e-bmfw. aq¶mw \q-äm-tm-Sp Iq-Sn X-s¶
Cu `mj-¡v {]-Nm-c-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. Ad_n a-e-bm-fw F-¶ `m-jm coXn kw-kv-Ir-X
a-e-bm-fw cq-]-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-¶v ap-t¼ cq-]-s¸-« `m-j-bmsW¶pw AXns\ ]n´-Ån
kw-kv-Ir-X a-e-bm-fw ]nÂ-¡me-¯v taÂ-t¡mbv-a t\-Sn-b-Xn-sâ ]n-¶n k-hÀ-®
ta-Xm-hnXzw X-s¶-bm-sW-¶v C¶pw a-e-bm-f-¯n hym-]-I-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-¨v
t]m-cp-¶ kw-kv-Ir-X ]-Z-§-fn \n¶pw hy-à-am-Ipw.
Ad-_n t]À-jy³ en-]n-I-Ä Iq-Sn-t¨À-¶v ln-µn AÀ-Y-¯n \n-e-hn h-¶
`m-j-bm-Wv DÀ-Zp `m-j. F-¶m C-Xv C-¶v tem-I-¯n-se ]-e `m-K-§-fnÂ
{]-N-cn-¡p-Ibpw H-cp tZio-b `m-j-bm-bn am-dp-Ibpw sN-bvXp. C-{]-Im-cw tI-c-f
am-Xr-`m-j-sb-¦nepw B-bn-¯o-tc-Xmbn-cp¶p Ad-_n a-ebm-f `m-j. F-¶m \q-äm-p-IÄ-¡v
ap-¼v X-s¶ ap-kvenw k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-sâ Cu hnP-bw Xn-cn-¨-dn-ªv {_n-«o-jv
`-c-W-IÀ-¯m-¡Ä a\:]qÀ-Æw `mj-sb X-IÀ-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p.
k-hÀ-®-sâ `m-jm taÂ-t¡m-bva-¡p ]pd-sa ap-kvenw-I-fn X-s¶ Nn-e
]-cn-jvI-c-W hm-Zn-Ifpw Ad-_n a-e-bmf-s¯ AI-än \nÀ-¯m³ t_m-[-]qÀ-Æ-w {i-aw
\-S-¯n-bn-«pv. Ad-_n a-e-bm-f-¯n I-p-In-«n-b-Xn sh-¨v G-sd ]g-¡w sN-¶ ap-lvbn-±o³
am-e ap-kvenw hn-izm-k-¯n-s\-Xn-cm-sW¶pw A-Xv ]m-cmb-Ww sN-¿-cp-sX-¶pw
C-hn-sS {]-N-cn-¸n-¨Xpw a-X ]-cn-jvI-c-W hm-Zn-I-fmWv. N-cn-{X-]-c-am-b C¯-cw
]-g-b Ir-XnI-sf A-h-K-Wn-¨m am-{X-ta X-§-fp-sS ]pXn-b B-i-b-§Ä {]-N-c-¸n-¡m-\m-hp-I-bp-Åp
F-¶ \nKq-V e-£y-am-bn-cp-¶p C-Xn-\v ]n-¶nÂ. N-cn-{X-]-c-am-bn G-sd
{]m-[m-\y-ap-Å `m-j F-¶ \n-e-bn Ad-_n a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ ss]-XrI-s¯ kw-c-£n-¡Â
A-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.
H-cp `m-j \n-e-\nÀ-¯m-\pw kw-c-£n-¡m\pw sN-t¿--sX-s´-¶v {]-kn-²
{_n-«o-jv `m-jm ]-Þn-X\m-b tU-hn-Uv {I-ÌÂ sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶pv. H-¶m-a-Xm-bn
`mj-sb \ho-\ km-t¦Xn-I hn-Zy-bp-am-bn k-¶n-th-in-¸n¡p-I F-¶-XmWv. C¶-s¯
km-t¦Xn-I hn-Zy F-¶ \ne-¡v C³-^À-ta-j³ sSIv-t\m-f-Pn (sF.Sn) Ad-_n a-ebm-f
`m-j-bp-am-bn _-Ôn-¸n-t¡--Xpv. a-ebm-f `mj- ]p-tcm-KXn {]m-]n-¨Xv Cu-sbm-cp
amÀ-Kw ap-tJ-\-bmWv. F-¶m Ad-_n a-ebm-f `m-j C¶pw Nn-e {K-Ù-§-fn am-{X-am-bn
Np-cp-§n-t¸m-Ip-Ibpw B-[p\n-I kw-hn-[m-\-§-fp-am-bn H-cp _-Ô-anÃm-Xn-cn-¡p-Ibpw
sN-bv-Xn-cn-¡p¶p. Cu-sbm-c-h-Ø-bn \n¶pw D-bÀ-s¯-gp-t¶-äm am-{X-ta `mj-¡v
i-ànbpw ]p-\À-P-·hpw e-`n-¡p-I-bpÅp.
D]kw-lmcw
tI-c-f-hp-am-bn At\-I Ime-s¯ hm-Wn-Py _-Ôw ]p-eÀ-¯n-bn-cp-¶
A-d-_n t]À-jy³ cm-Py-¡mÀ a-e-bm-fn-bp-sS kmw-kv-Imcn-I Po-hnX-s¯ \nÀ-®-bn-¡p-¶-XnÂ
{][m-\ ]-¦v h-ln-¨n-«pv. a-ebm-f `m-j-bp-sS ]-Z k-¼-¯n-te-¡v C-kvem-an-I
]m-Ým-¯-e-ap-Å Ad-_n t]À-jy³ `m-j-IÄ \ÂIn-b kw-`m-h-\-IÄ \n-kv-Xp-e-am-Wv.
B-Zy-ambn JpÀ-B³ hn-hÀ¯-\w sN-¿-s¸-Sp-¶Xpw t\m-h c-Nn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xpw Ad-_n
a-ebm-f `m-j-bn-emWv. A-d-_n `m-j-bpam-bp-Å k-¼À-¡w `m-j-bn Ad-_n a-ebm-f
im-J-bp-sS ]n-d-hn-¡p Im-c-W-ambn. CXn-\m C-kvem-an-I k-aq-l-¯n hym-]-I-am-bn
Ad-_n a-ebm-f Ir-Xn-IÄ c-Nn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw {]-N-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN-bvXp.
tI-c-f-¯n tam-bn³-Ip-«n ssh-ZyÀ t]m-ep-Å c-N-bn-Xm-¡-fp-sS
km-ln-Xy kr-ãn-IÄ a-X-¯n-sâ a-Xn sI-«p-IÄ X-IÀ-¯v tI-c-f P-\-X-bp-sS-bm-sI
{]o-Xn ]n-Sp-¨p ]-äp-I-bp-mbn. F-¶men-sbm-c-h-Ø ]nÂ-¡m-e-§-fn Xp-SÀ-¶v sIm-v
t]m-hm³ ap-kvenw-IÄ-¡v km-[n-¨nÃ. a-X ]n-cn-jvI-c-W hm-Zn-I-fp-tS-bpw {_n-«o-jv
an-j-\-dn-I-fp-tSbpw B-kq-{Xn-X IÀ-½-^-e-am-bn Ad-_n a-e-bm-fw
]n-t¶m-«-Sn-¡p-Ibpw kw-kvIr-X a-e-bm-fw taÂ-t¡mbv-a t\-Sp-Ibpw sN-bvXp.
Ahew_w
- Xp-lv-^-¯pÂ
ap-Pm-ln-Zo³, ssk-\p-²o³ a-JvZqw c-m-a³
- a-l¯m-b
am¸n-f km-ln-Xy ]m-c-¼-cyw, kn.F³ AÒ-Zv au-ehn, sI.sI ap-l½-Zv A-ÐpÂ
I-cow, AÂ lp-Zm _p-Iv ÌmÄ, tIm-gn-t¡mSv.
- am-¸-nf
]T-\-§Ä, Fw. Kw-Km-Zc³, hN-\w _p-Iv-kv, tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv, 2004
- a-e-bm-f-¯n-se
]-cIo-b ]-Z-§Ä, ]n.Fw tPm-k^v, tI-c-f `m-jm C³-Ìn-äyq«v,
Xn-cp-h-´-c-]p-cw, 1984
- Xp-lv-^-¯pÂ
A-hmw, k-¼m-ZI³þ k-¿n-Zv A-Ðp d-Òm³ ssl-t{Zm-kv X§Ä
- I-¸-¸m«v,
Ip-ªm-bn³ ap-kv#en-bmÀ
- I-¸-¸m«pw
\q a-Zv-lpw, sI.sI ap-l½-Zv A-Ðp Icow
- A-d-_n
a-em-b-f km-ln-Xy N-cn-{Xw, H.B_p
- HmÀ-½-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ
(1996), sI. sam-bv-Xp au-ehn, C-kv#em-an-Iv ]-»n-jnw-Kv lukv, tIm-gn-t¡mSv
- ap-kvenw-Ifpw
tI-c-f kw-kv-Im-c-hpw (1982), tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡m-Zan, Xr-iqÀ
- en-]n-Ifpw
am-\-h kw-kv-Im-c-hpw (2006), s{]m-^. sI.F P-eoÂ, tI-c-f `m-jm
C³-kv-än-äyq«v
- a-àn
X-§-fp-sS k-¼qÀ-® Ir-Xn-IÄ (2006), hN-\w _p-Ivkv, tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv
- C-kvm-ean-I
hn-Úm\ tImiw, C-kvem-an-Iv ]-»n-jnw-Kv lukv
- tI-c-f
N-cn-{Xw, F {io-Z-cta-t\m³, Un.kn _p-Ivkv
- I-\qÀ
(2012), Zm-dp l-k-\m-¯v C-kvem-an-Iv tIm-tf-Pv, I-®v-Sn-¸d¼v
- E-Øm³
(2016), a-Pva-Av i-co-A-¯v & BÀ-Uvkv tIm-tf-Pv, Im-h-\qÀ, Xm-\qÀ
- AÂ ^n-IvÀ
(2014), _p-kv-Xm-\p Deqw A-d-_n-Iv tIm-tfPv, ]m-dmÂ, am-Wn-bqÀ
- Mapila Muslims of Kerala, Ronald E Miller, 1957
- tIc-f-¯n-se
Ad-_n I-hn-X-I-fp-sS N-cn{Xw, tUm.ho-cm³ ap-lvbn-²o³
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